The instructions to access a modem (firewall is similar) in the wiki are outdated and I personally can't apply them to the current openWRT setup either.
How can I access the firewall to configure it?
IP forwarding to the Fritzbox is not necessary
A picture paints a thousand words:
Then I'm at a bit of a loss. From your screenshot it looks like you're currently on the admin page for a device with the WAN IP address of 192.168.8.179, obtained via DHCP.
From your diagram, that suggests that device might be the MT300A, as its WAN interface is connected to the LAN side of the MT300N.
Are you trying to administer the MT300A, or are you trying to connect to the MT300N at 192.168.8.1 ?
I am trying to administrate the Device "Firewall" (MT300N) connected at the WAN-Port of "SmartHome-AP" MT300A.
My luCi does not have "IP Aliases" at Interfaces --> WAN --> General Settings.
Many things could be stopping Luci from responding. uhttpd might not be running. It might be listening on a different port. It might be listening on a different IP address. There might be a firewall rule between you and the target which intercepts the traffic. Those are just four possible examples; there are more.
But, as long as you can get onto the command line, you should be able to troubleshoot. From experience, the MT300N should have enough spare storage to install some extra packages (I have both an MT300N v1 and MT300N v2). You might find tcpdump to be useful, depending on what your investigations reveal.
It's not a waste of time. Something I've seen many times in my day job is that sometimes it just needs another pair of eyes. Everyone overlooks the supposedly "obvious" stuff occasionally. Don't sweat it.