After comparing my package list with the default package list from here, this solved the problem for me:
I removed the following packages from the package list (ignore those you don't have):
- cypress-firmware-43455-sdio
- cypress-nvram-43455-sdio-rpi-4b
- luci-i18n-attendedsysupgrade-en
- all packages with the name containing "wolffs"
And added the following packages to the list:
- brcmfmac-nvram-43455-sdio
- cypress-firmware-43455-sdio
- kmod-r8169
- libustream-mbedtls
- wpad-basic-mbedtls
Hope this helps.